If a system frequency runs at 60.02 Hz for two hours, what is the total positive time error that would occur?

To determine the total positive time error when a system frequency runs at 60.02 Hz, it is essential to understand how the frequency deviation affects time.

The standard system frequency in North America is 60 Hz. When the frequency is above this standard, such as 60.02 Hz, it indicates that the system is operating at a slightly higher frequency than normal, leading to a positive time error.

To calculate the time error over a two-hour period, the frequency deviation needs to be examined. The frequency deviation from 60 Hz to 60.02 Hz is 0.02 Hz. Frequency is always represented in hertz (Hz), which measures cycles per second. A frequency of 60.02 Hz means that the system completes 60.02 cycles every second.

To find the time error incurred for each cycle, you can use the formula for time based on frequency:

Time (seconds per cycle) = 1 / Frequency (Hz)

So, for 60.02 Hz, the time per cycle is:

1 / 60.02 = 0.01665 seconds per cycle.

In contrast, at the nominal frequency of 60 Hz, the time per cycle would be:

1 / 60 = 0.